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| MBA应试英语语法归纳(二) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 中国高校指南 | ||||||||||||||||||
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1.Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper ____ it closely. 2. All flights______because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A) had been canceledB) have been canceled C) were canceled D) having been canceled 3. All things_______, the planned trip will have to be called off. A) consideredB) be considered C) considering D) having considered 4. ____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. A) Other things being equalB) Were other things equal C) To be equal to other things D) Other things to be equal 5. A new technique_______, the yields as a whole increased by 20 per cent. C) having been worked out D) to have been worked out [答案] 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. C [语法要点详解] 分词独立结构作状语。当分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与主句中的主语一致。否则分词应该有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词),构成分词独立结构。它起的作用同分词短语作状语基本相同,表示伴随的动作或情况,表示时间、原因或条件等。在分词独立结构中,逻辑主语与现在分词为主动关系,与过去分词为被动关系,两者已形成完整概念。因此,不必像分词短语作状语时那样考虑和句子主语的逻辑关系。此外,在这种结构中,分词的完成式和被动式指的是现在分词。例如: He remained in the hospital for many months, the company paying all his expenses.他在医院里住了好几个月,所有费用都由公司负担。(补充说明)。 The child rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.这孩子满脸是汗地跑进屋来。(伴随情况)。 These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.这些商品减价出售,毛病都向顾客指出。(being pointed out与sold同时进行,表示伴随动作。) The students having done all the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.等学生做完所有练习后,老师接着开始讲解课文。(完成式分词独立结构表示时间。) So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off.这么多人缺席,我们决定会议延期举行。(原因) Weather permitting, we’ll go out on a picnic tomorrow.如果天气好的话,我们明天去野餐。(条件) [示例6] 1. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ____ to go to school. A) to be encouragedB) been encouraged C) being encouraged D) be encouraged [答案] C [译文] [语法要点详解] 当with引起分词独立结构时,with本身只起引导作用,表示某种状态。分词则根据with引出的名词或代词进行选择,用法与普通分词独立结构相同。不过很少出现分词的完成式。with带不定式复合结构,一般用于表示将来的概念。例如:With her taking care of the child, we have nothing to worry about.由她照看孩子,我们一点也不担心。 With all factors considered, we think this program may excel all others in achieving the goal.考虑到各方面因素,我们认为就实现预期目标而言,这个计划比其他的都好。 With five minutes to go before the last train left, we arrived at the station.我们赶到车站时,还差5分钟最后一班车就要发车了。 Without在这种结构中,本身具有否定的意义,后面一般跟现在分词;如需要表达被动则用现在分词的被动式。例如: The thief slipped out of the room without anybody noticing.这个贼神不知鬼不觉地从房间里溜了出来。 They argued for days without any decision being taken.他们争论了许多天,仍未作出任何决定。 [示例7] 1. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one_______. [答案] 1. D 2. A 语法要点详解] 作定语的分词在意思上接近一个定语从句,放在被修饰词前;分词短语同样可以作定语,起定语从句的作用,放在被修饰词之后。现在分词短语作定语,一是表示正在进行的动作(变为从句用进行时态),一是表示经常性的动作或现在(或当时)的状态(变为从句时用一般时态)。例如:China stretches across a vast area covering (= which covers) the cold, temperate and tropical zones.中国幅员辽阔,包括寒带、温带和热带。(现在的状态。) Those were the chief problems confronting (= that confronted) us.这是我们当时面临的主要问题。(当时的状态) Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door?站在门口的那个人是谁?(正在进行的动作)。 过去分词短语作定语,或是表示动作先于谓语动作发生,或是没有一定的时间性。过去分词与被修饰词为动宾关系。例如:Is there anything planned (= that has been planned) for tonight?今晚有什么活动吗?(先于谓语动作发生) He is a man loved by all.他是个受群众爱戴的人。(无一定时间性) 如果需要用过去分词修饰的动作现在正在发生,或与谓语表示的动作同时发生,则改用现在分词的被动式作定语。例如:We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here. 我们这儿讨论的事(现在正在发生)必须保密。We must keep a secret of the things to be discussed here. 我们这儿将要讨论的事(将要发生)必须保密。 [示例8] 1. His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose. 2. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute ____ . 3. When I caught him ____ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. 4. Don’t get your schedule _____; stay with us in this class. 5. In Australia the Asians make their influence ____ in businesses large and small. 6. The children went there to watch the iron tower ____. 7. The manager promised to keep me ____ of how our business was going on. 8. If you want______you have to get the fund somewhere. [答案] 1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. B [语法要点详解] 复合结构中的分词就是分词作宾补构成复合宾语,作主补构成复合谓语。现在分词多在下列两类动词之后作宾补。 ①感觉动词:see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel, find, glance等,以及look at, listen to等短语动词。 ②使役动词:have, get, catch, leave, keep, start, send等。例如:Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window.忽然他听见有人轻轻敲窗子。 Once I caught him dozing off in class. 有一次我发现他在上课时睡着了。 过去分词作宾补常跟在下列动词之后: I won’t hear anything said against him behind his back.我不愿听到有人背后讲他的坏话。 We should keep them informed of what is going on here.我们应当让他们知道这儿发生的情况。 复合结构中使用现在分词还是过去分词,主要区别在于前者与宾语为主谓关系,强调动作的进行;后者为动宾关系,强调动作的完成或结果。 He saw a man getting on the truck.他看见一个人正往卡车上爬。 以上的句子如变为被动语态,则分词由作宾补变为作主补,构成复合谓语。例如:They should be kept informed of the goings-on here. 应当让他们了解这儿的动态。 3—2 动名词 [示例1] 1. Mark often attempts to escape______whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 2. My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate ____ from you sometime. 3. They are considering______before the prices go up. 4. He thought that_______. [答案] 1. D 2. D 3. C 4.C [语法要点详解] 某些动词要求动名词作宾语。 动名词的一般式 动名词的一般式作动词宾语时,其逻辑主语是句子主语,它所表示的动作和谓语动词几乎同时发生或具体时间不明确。例如: 动名词的完成式 动名词的完成式由“having + p.p.”构成,表示发生在谓语动词动作之前的动作。例如:He didn’t mention having met me. 他没提见到过我。 动名词的被动式 动名词的被动式表示动名词与其逻辑主语为动宾关系。根据不同的概念,可分为一般式“being + p.p.”和完成式“having been + p.p.”。例如:They couldn’t endure being treated like that.我们无法忍受这样的待遇。 I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.我不记得谁给过我试验这方法的机会。(句子太累赘,常用一般被动式代替)。 常见的只跟动名词的动词和动词短语有: (1)只跟动名词的动词 (2)只跟动名词的短语: leave off停止 burst out突然…起来 put off推迟 give up放弃 feel like想要 [示例2] 1. If I had remembered______the window, the thief would not have got in. 2. Your hair wants______. You’d better have it done tomorrow. 3. There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means______trouble. 4. I remember_______to help us if we ever got into trouble. 5. John regretted_______to the meeting last week. [答案] 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A [语法要点详解] I remember seeing her once somewhere.我记得在哪见过她。 You must remember to take your ID card with you.你必须记住带着身份证。 [示例3] 3. The man in the corner confessed to_______a lie to the manager of the company. 4. I have no objection_______the evening with them. 5. After_______for the job, you will be required to take a language test. A) being interviewed 6. The match was canceled because most of the members ____ a match without a standard court. [答案] 1. A 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. A [语法要点详解] 表示介词短语中发生的动作一般只用动名词。除一般介词外,某些“动词+介词”和“形容词+介词”所构成的短语也常跟动名词作宾语。作介词宾语的动名词其逻辑主语为句子主语,有一般式、完成式和被动式。如果动名词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时,则用动名词完成式。请记住:不定式一般不能作介词的宾语。例如:I apologize for not having kept my promise.我没有信守诺言,向你表示歉意。 介词后的动名词同样可以有自己的逻辑主语。当逻辑主语与动名词为“动宾关系”时,动名词则用被动式。例如:I have often heard of him studying hard.我常听人说他学习很用功。 Future spy satellites will be capable of being refueled, dramatically extending their range and life-span.未来的间谍卫星能够补充燃料,从而在扩大活动范围和延长寿命方面取得显著进展。 Is there any hope of his being elected Chairman of the Students’ Union?他有没有希望当选学生会主席? 下列词组中的to都是介词: [示例4] 1. Ann never dreams of______of her to be sent abr 2. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy______for her examination. 3. It’s no use______me not to worry. [答案] 1. A 2. C 3. B [语法要点详解] (1)在it作形式主语结构中,动名词短语是真正的主语。表语中往往含有否定词。 (2)动名词在there引导的句子中作主语时,句型中须有否定词no才成立,且不能用not取代。 There is no telling what will happen to him next. 3—3 不定式 不定式作为非限定动词的一种,通常前面带有to,有时也可不带to,与情态动词或助动词构成谓语,也可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语或宾补。不定式除一般形式外,还有不定式的完成式和进行式以及不定式的被动形式。 [示例1] There is more land in Australia than the government knows_______. [答案] A. [语法要点详解] “ +不定式”结构,常作动词宾语。 用法符合上述结构的动词有: Have you decided where to hold the party? 你决定在哪儿开晚会? [示例2] 1.______a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree. 2. Mr. Smith advised us a withdraw________. [答案] 1. A 2. C [语法要点详解] 不定式作状语,修饰动词,表示行为的目的。不定式除直接作目的状语外,还常用于so as和in order之后,否定句中要用in order not to或so as not to;单独用动词不定式通常是不对的。例如:I got up early in order to have enough time to pack.我早早地起床,以便有足够的时间打点行装。 I’m going to start now, in order not to miss the beginning of the film.我现在就要出发,以免错过影片开头部分。 [示例3] 1.I have heard both teachers and students _____ well of him. 2. My sister’s professor had her_____paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee. [答案] 1. D 2. C [语法要点详解] 当不定式作宾补,谓语是如下动词时,不定式不带to;如句子由主动变被动,不定式由宾补变主补时,不定式则保留to。feel, hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, look at, watch, observe, bid 吩咐,命令;perceive感觉到, notice注意到. [示例4] If you don’t like to swim, you______stay at home. [答案] B [语法要点详解] 下列词组后跟不带to的不定式: would rather/sooner…than(宁愿…也不…), rather/sooner than…(不愿), had better/best…(最好), can’t help but…(不得不), nobody can help/choose but…(不得不), would as soon as(宁愿…也不), had rather…(宁愿), cannot but…(不得不,必然), may/might as well(不妨), let alone(更不用说) One’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.一个人的世界观必须在他的言行中表现出来。 I couldn’t afford to rent a house like that, let alone buy it.像这样的房子我租都租不起,更甭说买了。 I would as soon put it off until tomorrow as do it today.我宁愿把这件事推到明天去做,也不愿今天做。 Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price.不愿眼睁睁地看着这些菜烂掉,他半价就卖了。 would rather / sooner后接不带to 的不定式切勿同would rather/sooner后接本身带有主语的从句混淆。例如: You always go without me and I’d rather you didn’t. [示例5] In the course of a day students do far more than just_____classes. [答案] A [语法要点详解] do nothing/anything/everything but (except), 以及do more than等结构中,后面的不定式不带to;若谓语不是“do”,but或except所跟的不定式带to。比较: He had nothing to do except / but sit there killing time.他无事可做,只有坐在那儿消磨时间。 He had no other choice but to sit there killing time.他别无选择,只好坐在那儿消磨时间。 [示例6] 1. I’d rather read than watch television; the programs seem _____ all the time. 2. Mrs. Brown is supposed______for Italy last week. 3. A Dream of the Red Chamber is said______into dozens of languages in the last decade. [答案] 1. B 2. A 3. A [语法要点详解] [不定式的完成式和进行式 (1)不定式完成式 ①如果不定式所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,则要用不定式完成式形式。 I happened to have come across the book in the library.我碰巧在图书馆见过这本书。 ②不定式完成式还可用来谈论“想像中”过去的动作或事情,即未曾发生的事。 The plane was to have taken off at six, but something went wrong.飞机本来在6点起飞,可出了故障。 We intended to have included your name in the list.我们本打算把你的名字列入名单的。 常见这类动词有:wish, desire, hope, expect, want等。 ③不定式完成式用在seem, appear等词后,则含有不肯定的语气。 I appear to have made a small mistake.我好象犯了个小小的错误。 (2)不定式进行式 ①如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,不定式则用进行式。不定式进行式可用来构成复合谓语或(复合)宾语。 They seem to be getting along quite well.他们似乎相处得很好。 You don’t need to be working in such a big hurry, there’s plenty of time.你现在不必这样匆匆忙忙地干,还有的是时间。 ②不定式进行式也可表示一个反复发生的动作,带有感情色彩。 [示例7] He moved away from his parents, and missed them ____ enjoy the exciting life in New York. [答案] A. [语法要点详解] “too…to…”结构一般意为“太…以至于不…”,以肯定形式表示否定意义。其否定式因not或never位置不同而具有不同的意思。 One is never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。 He is too clever not to see the trick.他太聪明了,必定会识破这个把戏。 too ... to ...结构当too前有only或all等修饰词,或too后为pleased, ready, kind, eager, glad, easy等词作表语时,意思和very ... to一样,只表示“非常”而没有否定意思。 We were too willing to offer them what we had. 我们非常愿意把我们所有的东西都提供给他们。 5. 主谓一致 [示例] How close parents are to their children ______ a strong influence on the character of the children. [答案] B [语法要点详解] how和wh—疑问词 (what, who, why, whether) 引导的名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如: How the book will sell depends on its author.这本书好不好卖取决于作者的水平。 [语法要点详解] 英语中,谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。主谓一致通常遵循三个原则;语法一致、概念一致和毗邻一致。我们就根据这三个原则,对主谓一致进行一番分类详述。 I. 语法一致原则 语法一致即所谓语法形式上的一致,其最根本的问题是数的一致。 (1)谓语动词用作单数的情况: ① 如果主语为单数而后面跟有with, together with, combined with, along with, as well as, no less than, rather than, like, but, except等词引起的短语,谓语动词用单数。例如: One man with his wife, both looking very anxious, was asking the guard to let them through.有个男人和他的妻子看上去都很着急,正在那儿央求卫兵放他们过去。 ② 如果主语是由and连接的两个单数名词且前面有each, every, no等词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。例如:Every boy and girl in this region is taught to read and write. 这个地区每个孩子都在接受文化教育。 ③ each和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词;many a +名词;more than one +名词等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。例如: More than one person was involved in the case.这桩案子牵扯了不止一人。 ④ 表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的复数名词,作主语作为整体来看时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:Five days was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 给了5天的时间来做必要的准备。 ⑤ 两个由and连接的名词性从句作主语,如果表示两件事,谓语动词用复数。例如:What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.造成事故的原因是什么,谁应对事故负有责任,对我们来说还是个谜。 ⑥ what引导的从句作主语,如果表语是复数名词,谓语动词用复数。例如:What they want are financial aids.他们需要的是经济援助。当what引导的从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,谓语动词用复数。例如:What I say and think are no business of yours. ⑦ that引导的从句作主语,无论置于句首还是句末,谓语动词通常用单数。例如:It is sheer luck that he is still alive. (= That he is still alive is sheer luck.)他仍活着纯属侥幸。 (2)谓语动词可用单数也可用复数情况: ①“the + 形容词”作主语,表示一类人或可数事物时,谓语动词用复数,否则用单数。例如:The aged are well taken care of by the government.老年人受到政府很好的照顾。 ② none, neither和either + of +复数名词或代词,正式文体中谓语动词用单数,非正式文体中可以用复数。考试中对语法的测试,常属于正式文体范畴。例如:Neither of the alternatives that had been outlined at the last meeting was acceptable to the executive committee.上次产供销会议拟定的两种选择方案都不能被执行委员会所接受。 ③ a number / variety / group of +复数名词或代词作主语,谓语动词为复数;the number / variety of +名词作主语,谓语动词为单数。The majority of + 名词, 视名词单复数来确定动词的数。an amount of +不可数名词;quantity of + 不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。例如:A great variety of flowers were shown there.那里展出了很多品种的花。 ④ 由kind, form, sort, type, species, portion, series, quantity + of修饰主语时,其谓语形式取决于这些词本身的单复数而不是后面跟的名词。series和species无单数形式,其单复数形式取决于修饰它们的数词。例如:Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes.冷却需要大量的水。 A substantial portion of the reports is missing.那些报告里有相当一部分不见了。 ⑤ 由“and”连接两个名词作主语,and后面的名词若不加冠词,常指同一个人或事物,谓语动词用单数。如:the secretary and manager(书记兼经理),the bread and butter (黄油面包),law and order (法律与秩序);若and连接的两个名词前都有冠词,则表示不同的人或东西,动词用复数。 ⑥ 以-ics结尾的名词如表示的是一门学科,动词用单数,如指特定事物,动词用复数。 Ⅱ. 意义一致原则 The present government, which hasn’t been in power long, is trying to control inflation. It isn’t having much success.现政府上台不久,就试图控制通货膨胀,但收效不大。 The government, who are looking for a quick victory, are calling for a general election soon.政府希望很快获胜,要求立即进行大选。 下列集合名词没有自己的复数形式。 the majority(多数) the minority(少数)offspring(子女) the public (公众) Ⅲ. 毗邻一致原则 所谓毗邻一致指的是谓语动词的数与最临近的主语的数保持一致,常见的形式有: ①由or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接的名词或代词作主语时,还应毗邻一致的原则。例如:Neither my friends nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind. ② 由there或here引起的而主语又不止一个时采用毗邻一致的原则,来确定谓语的数。例如:Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for him.这儿有一支笔,几个信封和一些纸给他。 6.情态动词 [示例] 1.With all this work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night. 2.Mary’s score on the test is the highest in her class, she ______ have studied very hard. 3. The room is in a terrible mess; it ______ cleaned. 4. You_____her in her office last Friday; she’s been out of town for two weeks. 5. You_____all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing. [答案] 1. D 2. C 3. A 4. D 5.A [语法要点详解] I’m surprised that he should have been so foolish.我很奇怪他竟然会这么傻。 (2)must + have + p. p: 表示对过去情况的推测,只用于肯定句。 (3)如果要表示对过去情况否定的推测或提出疑问,则需用cannot / couldn’t + have + p.p. 来表示,can比could语气强。例如:“Where can he have put the matches?” “He can’t have thrown them away”. “他究竟把火柴放哪儿了?”“他不会把火柴仍掉的。” (4)ought to + have + p.p. 表示“本应该……”,否定句“oughtn’t to +have + p. p.表示“本不该…”。例如:You oughtn’t to have left so soon. 你本不该走得这么早。 (5)needn’t + have + p.p. 表示做了不必做的事,意为“其实不必”。例如:You needn’t have come this morning.其实你今天早晨不必来。 (6)may / might + 动词表示对现在情况的揣测;may / might + have + p. p. 表示对过去情况的揣测.在肯定句中表示“揣测”时,may, might, can, could可互换,might语气最弱。例如:Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 7. 介词 8. 代词 代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词,它们在句子中承担不同的功用。 [示例] 1.If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ______ would be getting sick. 2. The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at ______ chemist’s. 3. When he arrived, he found ______ the aged and the sick at home. 5.______of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing. 6. We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have ______ one this month. 7._____student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question. 8. No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to ______. [答案] 1. D 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. A [译文] [语法要点详解] 不定代词考题主要涉及以下几类: (1)both(两个都),either(两个中随便那个)和neither (两个都不) 用于谈论两个人或东西时用;谈到三个或更多时用all (所有),any (任何)和none(没有人,没有任何东西)。 (2)many, much, little, few都是表示数量的代词。many, few用作可数名词,作主语或宾语时,可指人;much, little用作不可数名词,作主语或宾语时指事物。 Many expressed their determination to serve the country.很多人表示决心要为国家效力。 There is still much to be done.还有很多事要做。 (3)other和another是“另外”和“另外一个”的意思。这两个词的用法可归纳如下:单数 复数 泛指 another(另外一个) 作定语other (复数名词) 作主语 、宾语others 特指 the other(另外那个) the other(复数名词) the others 9.倒装结构 英语句子的一般语序为“主语部分+谓语部分”。如果把谓语放到主语前面,我们称之为倒装。倒装分为完全倒装和部分倒装。把谓语部分完全放到主语前称为完全倒装;把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前,我们称之为部分倒装。倒装有多种原因,如:在问句中(Where did he go?),在there+be结构里,在以here(这里) (Here is another one. ),there(那里) (There is a dog at the door. )等副词开头的某些句子里,在祝愿句里(Long live peace!),在有些感叹句中(Here comes the bus!)。还有主语部分较长时需要倒装,强调句子的某一成分时需要倒装等等。 [示例1] 1. The organization had broken no rules, but ______ had it acted responsibly. 2. I could not persuade him to accept it, ______ make him see the importance of it. 3. We don’t need air conditioning, ______. 4. She never laughed, ______ lose her temper. 5. We have been told that under no circumstances ______ the telephone in the office for personal affairs. [答案] 1. A 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A [语法要点详解] 某些含有否定意义的评语可以放在句首,表示强调,句子要进行倒装。 (1)由neither, nor, so引导的表示“前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)”的句子,句子用倒装语序。Neither, nor为否定句。例如:Society has changed and so have the people in it.社会变了,人也跟着变了。 We do not believe their nice word nor are we intimidated by their bluster.我们既不相信他们的甜言蜜语,也不怕他们的恐吓威胁。 (2)seldom, rarely和never置于句首,用于进行“对比”。例如: Never before has our country been as united as it is today.今天我们的国家空前团结。 (3)hardly, scarcely和no sooner置于句首,表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生,用倒装语序。例如:Hardly / Scarcely had he finished when someone rose to refute his points.他还没说完,就有人起来驳斥他的论点。 No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.他一到那儿就病了。 (4)含有“no”的介词短语置于句首时,主谓倒装。例如:Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state. 在任何情况下,我们都不应当做只对自己有利而损害国家利益的事情。 其他常用带no的介词短语:at no time, in no way, on no account, at no point, in no case以及带有否定意义的词如:little, not until, nowhere, in vain, not once, still less等,只要是放在句首,句子就要倒装。 [示例2] 1. Only under special circumstances ______ to take make-up tests. 2. Only by shouting at the top of his voice ______. [答案] 1. A 2. D [语法要点详解] 含有“only”的状语用在句首,主句要用倒装语序。not only置于句首也倒装。条件是only后必须紧跟作状语的副词,介词或从句,否则不倒装。例如:Only in this way can you hope to improve the situation there.只有这样,你们才有希望改善那里的局面。 Only when capitalism has been abolished will it be possible to abolish poverty, unemployment and war.只有消灭资本主义,才有可能清除贫困、失业和战争。 10. 复合句 复合句是由主句和一个或一个以上从句构成的复杂句。根据功能可分为:名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。细分则为: 1)定语从句:限定性定语从句,非限定性定语从句; 2)复合句:名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、状语从句(时间,地点,条件,结果,方式,比较,原因,目的)。 [示例1] 1. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region,______were surprising. 2. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ______ up to half will be from overseas. 3. The residents, _____ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. [答案] 1. D 2. D 3. C [语法要点详解] 非限定性定语从句和先行词之间用逗号隔开。who, whom或whose引导的从句修饰人,which修饰物,关系副词where修饰地点,when修饰时间。考试中“介词+关系代词”结构引导定语从句,特别是非限定性定语从句的形式很常见。这种“介词+关系代词”结构可分为四类: (1)“介词+which”结构 which的先行词为表示事物的名词,在从句中作介词的宾语,用什么介词应根据介词在从句中的意义具体而定。 Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least.在澳大利亚中部的沙漠中生活有其自身的问题,其中取水问题就相当重要。(which的先行词为problem; of which指的是the least of its problems, 起定语作用)。 The tower of London, in which so many people lost their lives, is now a tourist attraction.伦敦塔,这个以前多少人在此丧命的地方,现在已成为旅游胜地。(in which指in the Tower of London, 从句作状语。) (2)“介词+whom”结构 “介词+whom”与“介词+which”引出定语从句的用法基本相同,区别是whom的先行词指的是人。例如:My publishers, with whom I have excellent relations, always give my new books wide publicity. 我与我的出版商保持着良好的关系,他们总是大力宣传我的新书。 (3)“介词+whose+名词”结构 whose代表先行词的所有格引出定语从句,whose+名词在从句中作介词的宾语,whose作名词的定语。Mr. Jason Matthews, from whose collection of pictures a valuable Rembrandt was given to the nation, died last night.贾森·马修斯先生这位曾把他藏画中的一部名贵的伦勃朗的画捐献给国家的人,昨晚与世长辞了。 (4)“名词/代词/数词/形容词比较级或最高级+ of + which / whom”结构这种结构往往在引出的定语从句中作主语时,常涉及到谓语动词数的问题。因此,有必要掌握清楚which或whom所代表的先行词与of前各成分数或量的关系或性质。We’ve got several hundred foreign students in our university, the majority of whom are from Europe.我们大学里有好几百名外国学生,他们大多数人来自欧洲。 There are many big rivers in the world, the longest of which is the Nile River in Africa.世界上有很多长河,最长的是非洲的尼罗河。 [示例2] 2.______might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed. 3._______is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer. [答案] 1. A 2. A 3. C [语法要点详解] as可引导非限定性定语从句,代替整个句子,位置灵活,通常用逗号将其与主句隔开。 As has been said above, what we demand is the unit of politics and art.正如前面所说的,我们的要求则是政治和艺术的统一。(as 代替后面的句子,作非限定性定语从句的主语)。 He is from America, as I perceived by his accent. 他是一个美国人,我可以从他的口音中听出来。(as =which, 作宾语) As is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.一般认为,经济的增长取决于生产的稳定发展。(as指逗号后整个句子) Most electronic devices of this kind, as are manufactured for such purpose are tightly packed. 大多数为这类用途生产的电子装置都包装得很牢固。 [示例3] 1. I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the place _____. 2. We need a chairman _____. 3. It is useful to be able to predict the extent _____ which a price change will affect supply and demand. 4. The goals ______he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. 答案 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. B [语法要点详解] 限定性定语从句 (1)修饰人,一般用关系代词who引导,也可用that;关系代词在从句中作宾语时则用whom或that,经常被省略掉。在介词后则只能用whom。例如:Do you know to whom he was talking? 你认识那个刚才同他讲话的人吗? (2)修饰物,一般用关系代词that,有时也用which,在从句中作宾语时常常省略;在介词后只用which。This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们讨论得那么久的问题。 (3)关系代词whose既可代表某人,又可代表某事物引导定语从句,并在从句中作定语。例如:The woman whose son ran away from home a week ago has made a public appeal. 那位妇女的儿子一周前离家出走,她现在恳请大家帮助。 That’s the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen. 这台机器的零件小得都看不见。 (4)as作关系代词引出限定性定语从句,常与such和the same连用。例如:Let’s discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.我们只谈对我们每个人有关的问题吧。(as 在从句中作主语,先行词是questions) I have the same trouble as you (have).我和你有同样的困难。(as在从句中作宾语) Let’s discuss only such questions as concern us!我们只讨论与我们有关的问题吧!(as为定语从句的主语,替代questions, 为复数。) [示例4] 1. In some countries,_______is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people. 2.______ men have learned much from the behaviour of animals is hardly new. [答案] 1. B 2. A [语法要点详解] 主语从句主要有三类:what等代词引导的主语从句;由连词that引导的主语从句;由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句。 (1)第一类主语从句的关联词what,实际上已成为关系代词,它所引导的主语从句在结构上相当于名词加定语从句。除what外,whatever也可引出主语从句,含有强调语气,可作主语从句的主语或宾语。 They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.他们在森林里迷了路,更糟糕的是,夜幕开始降临。(what在从句中作主语) Whatever we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our teachers.无论我们取得什么成绩都归功于老师的教导。(whatever在主语从句中作宾语) That theory must go hand in hand with practice is what we should always keep in mind.理论必须密切联系实际是我们应当经常牢记的一条原则。 (3)由连接代词(疑问代词都可用作连接代词)和连接副词(如when, where, whether等)引出的主语从句放在句子后部时,前面用it作形式上的主语。从句放前或放后,意思基本上没有多大差别。不过whether (or not)引导的从句放句首或句子后部都可以,而if仅可引出宾语从句,不能放在句首,也不能加or not。Whether (or not) he will go won’t make too much difference.It won’t make too much difference whether (or not) he will go. 他去不去都一样。 (4)whoever也可引出主语从句,含有强调语气,可作主语从句的主语或宾语。Whoever told you that was lying.这件事不管是谁告诉你的都是骗人的。 [示例5] 2. Evidence came up______specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. [答案] 1. C 2. C [语法要点详解] 同位语从句指与先行词是等同关系的从句,先行词多为表示事实、看法、思想、消息等的名词。常见的有:fact, idea, belief, thought, hope, doubt, rumour, news等;从句常由that或连接副词why, where, when, how等引导。 The fact that she was a few minutes late is no reason for discharging her.她迟到几分钟这件事不能成为解雇她的理由。 [示例6] 1. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _____ I heard voices. 2.You see the lightning _____ it happens, but you hear the thunder later. 3.I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _____ something occurred which attracted my attention. 4._____quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home. 5. Scientists say it may be five or ten years _____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. 6._______they reached the centre of the city, they stopped the car at a bar. 7. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time _____ the guards discovered what had happened. [答案] 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. A [语法要点详解] 时间状语从句通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。引导时间状语从句的连词有: (1)时间状语从句的常见连词有when, as, while, before, after, till, until, since, as soon as以及带有强调色彩的whenever, ever since等。 (2)有些名词词组如:each time, every time, the first time, the time, the instant, the moment, the day等可引导时间状语从句。例如:Every time I catch cold, I have pain in my back.每回伤风我的背就疼。 (3)某些副词如: directly, instantly, immediately也都可起连词的作用,引导时间状语从句。其实,这些名词词组只是在进行了一番省略后起连接作用,而这三个副词本身也是连词,表示“一…就…”的意思。 [示例7] 1. Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded _____other more well-informed experimenters failed. 2. I have kept that portrait _____ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London. [答案] 1. D 2. B [语法要点详解] 地点状语从句是由where, everywhere (到处)等连词引导,一般置于主句之后,如果需要强调, anywhere, everywhere和wherever可置于句首,引出从句。例如:Wherever we go, we must build good relations with the masses.无论我们走到哪儿,都要和群众搞好关系。 where 一般表示一个确定的但非特定的地点;wherever, anywhere 和everywhere表示“任何地方”. With a special train ticket you can travel wherever / anywhere / everywhere you like in Europe for just over £100.如果你持有专车票,仅花100多英镑,就可以到欧洲各地旅行。 [示例8] 1. ______ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better. [答案] 1. B 2. A [语法要点详解] 原因状语从句由连词because, as, since(既然),seeing (that)(由于),considering that, now that, not that…but that等引导。 [示例9] I was advised to arrange for insurance _____ I needed medical treatment. [答案] C [语法要点详解] 目的状语从句由以下连接词引导:that, so that, in order that (以便), lest (免得),in case (以免),for fear that (以免)等。例如:We sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach them in good time.这封信我们是用航空寄的以便他们能及时收到。 主句动词用现在完成或将来时时,so that和in order that 可以跟may, can或will, 也可跟现在时;主句动词为过去时或过去完成时,可以跟should, could, might 或would. 例如:I’ve arrived early so that / in order that I may / can / will get a good view of the procession. 我到得很早,以便能好好看看那行进的队伍。 当从句表示将来时间,in case须用should, might或现在时。例如: [示例10] 1.We’ll visit Europe next year _____ we have enough money. 2.______he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. 3. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______ it comes to classroom tests. 4. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _____ advertisements showing happy, balanced families. 5. Government cannot operate effectively______it is free from such interference. 6. I’ll accept my job______I don"t have to get up early. [答案] 1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. B [语法要点详解] 条件状语从句可由下列关联词引导:if, unless (除非),assuming (that)(假定),on condition (that)(条件是…),providing/provided (that) (假若),so/as long as (只要),as/so far as (至于),suppose/supposing that (假使),granted/granting that (假定)。其中分词式关联词和具有特殊意义的关联词应特别引起注意。 例如:Granted that this is true, what conclusion can you draw?就算这是实际情况,你又能得出什么结论呢? You may go out provided / providing that you do your homework first.只要你先做完功课,就可能出去。 unless表示反面条件,相当于if 从句的否定式if ... not。例如: so / as long as 表达语气比if 要重,常译作“只要”。 suppose / supposing that 仅用在问句中。有时引出的句子为虚拟语气,语气委婉。例如:Suppose / Supposing something should go wrong, what would you do then?假定出了问题,那么你会怎么办? in case引导的条件从句往往置于句首;目的从句多放在句子后面。例如:In case I forget, please remind me about it. 如果我忘了这件事,请提醒我。 on condition (that) 引导的条件句语气较重;in the event (that) 表示“如果”基本上与if同义,但一般只用于真实条件句。例如: [示例11] 1. I’ve already told you that I’m going to buy it, _____. 3. No matter how frequently _____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audience. [答案] 1. A 2. B 3. B [语法要点详解] 引出让步状语从句的关联词主要有:although, though (虽然),whereas(鉴于), considering (that) (就…而论),much as (虽然很…);带有强调语气的;even though, even if (即便),以及however much/badly/good(无论多么多/多么糟/多么好),no matter how/who等连接手段。As和though还经常采用倒装的方式引出让步状语。在正式语体中,从句中都可以用may代替现在时。 as用于让步从句,除much as构成让步从句典型的最常见的倒装搭配外,形容词、副词或动词原形均可与as形成倒装结构。 no matter +疑问词(who, when, where)引出的让步从句(=带ever疑问句引出的从句)。例如:No matter what I say (Whatever I say), I seem to say the wrong thing.无论我说什么,似乎说得很不妥。 whoever 除引导名词从句外,也可引出让步从句。例如:Whoever telephones (No matter who telephones), say I’m out.不管是谁来电话,就说我不在家。for all (that) 引出让步从句,意思相当于though / although或even though / even if。 in spite of 或despite为介词用法,不能跟从句表示让步,但它们有类似从句的结构,即:despite / in spite of the fact + 同位语从句。例如:For all that she has a good sense of balance, she can’t dance well.尽管她具有很好的平衡感,可她的舞却跳得不好。 Despite / In spite of the fact that hotel prices have risen sharply, the number of tourists is as great as ever.尽管住店的价格上涨了很多,可住店旅客的人数却和以前一样多。 [示例12] 1. The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn’t bothered by his loudness______by his lack of talent. 2. Americans eat______as they actually need every day. 3. There are few electronic applications______o raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots. A) likely 4. They usually have less money at the end of the month than_______at the beginnings 5. She is ______ a musician than her brother. 6. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _____ we all sat down to rest.. [答案] 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. C [语法要点详解] 比较状语从句通常是由than或as引起的,当主句和从句的两个动词相同,时态也一样时,第二个动词可以省略,此时,比较从句往往成了含蓄的的从句。例如:I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance (is).我觉得听唱片常常与看现场演出一样精彩,甚至更精彩。 比较状语从句也包括“as much +名词+as”和 “as + many +名词+as” 结构, half, nearly以及nothing like等词语也可与as 或so 连用,置于so或as 之前。just, twice / ... times则只与as 连用,置于第一个as 之前。例如:He didn’t sell half as / so many books as he thought he would. 他卖的书还不到原打算的一半。 在than 引导的比较状语从句中,than 后面可以是无主语句(主语被省略),可直接跟谓语动词,并根据上下文时态、主谓一致原则确定谓语动词的形式。至于than是关系代词还是从属连词,各有不同的说法。其实,记住than后面可以跟无主语句,就可以了。例如:The project requires more labor than has been put in because it is extremely difficult. 这个项目需要投入更多的人力,因为它的难度很大。 [示例13] 1. Melted iron is poured into the mixer much ______ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot. 2. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _____ directed. 3. That tree looked as if it ______ for a long time. 4. It wasn’t such a good dinner ______ she had promised us. [答案] 1. D 2. D 3. C 4. C [语法要点详解] 方式状语从句可由连词as引导,从句一般置于句后。例如:Type this again as I showed you a moment ago. [as = in the way (that)]把这份材料按我刚才告诉你的那样再打一遍。 当方式状语由(in) the way (that), the way in which, (in) the same way, (in) the same way as, according as, rather than等词语引导时,可表示比较。例如:She’s behaving (in) the same way as her elder sister used to.她的举止和她姐姐过去一模一样。 I’ll go or stay according as the situation requires. 方式状语从句在be, act, appear, behave, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste等动词后由连词as if或as though引导时,从句表示的意思可以是“真实的”,也可以是“不真实的”。如果表示“不真实”,则用过去时表示“现在不真实”,用过去完成时表示“过去不真实”。例如:It looks as if / though it’s going to rain. 11.强调句型 [示例] 3.________ that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point. [答案] 1. C 2. C 3. B [语法要点详解] 强调句型It is / was…that 可用来强调除谓语以外的各种成分。句型中的that可用于各种场合,强调人时可改用who或whom,强调物时可改用which,但强调时间或地点状语时不能将that改为when或where。例如: It was yesterday that I saw him in the library.是昨天在图书馆里看到他。 It was in the library that I saw him yesterday.我昨天是在图书馆里看到他的。 12.反意疑问句 [示例] Don"t forget to walk the dog while I am away ______? [答案] D [译文] 我不在家时别忘了遛狗。 [语法要点详解] 在祈使句否定结构中,疑问尾句只用will you?例如: Don"t wake the child up, will you?别把孩子吵醒,好吗? (1) 在口语中,I am 的疑问尾句用aren’t I? 例如:I am late, aren’t I? 我迟到了,不是吗? (2) 在祈使句后面的疑问尾句中won’t 用于邀请;will, would, can 及can’t 用来告诉人们该做什么事。例如:Don’t sit down, won’t you? 您请坐? Shut up, can’t you? 别说了,行不行? (3)There be结构中,there在尾句中可用作主语。例如:There won’t be any trouble, will there? 不会有什么麻烦吧? (4) 若陈述部分主语是no one, nobody, somebody, someone, everybody及everyone等不定代词,在尾句中可用they代替;nothing 可用it来代替。例如:Nobody came in, did they? 没人进来过,是吧?Nothing can stop us now, can it? 现在没有什么能够阻止我们了,对吗? (5) 若陈述部分含有no, rarely, few, little, hardly, seldom等表示否定意义的词,尾句用肯定形式。如陈述部分是由表示相反意义的前缀如dis-, un-, im-, in-, il-等构成的否定,尾句用否定形式。例如:He rarely got drunk, did he? 他很少喝醉酒,是吗?This meeting is unimportant for him, isn’t it? 这个会对他来说无关紧要,对吧? (6) 在I think, I suppose后接宾语从句的情况下,尾句依宾语从句的情况而定。例如:I think that he is serious, isn’t he? 我想他是当真的,对吧? (7) Must用于推测意义时,尾句的助动词不用must, 而是用该推测动作的助动词。例如:You must have seen the film last night, didn"t you?昨天晚上,你八成是看了这部电影,对吧? (8) Let’s … 包括听者时,let意为“让…”,尾句为shall we;不包括听者时,let意为“允许”,尾句用will you.例如: Let’s go in, shall we? 我们进去,好不好? Let’s go in, will you? 请让我们进去,好不好? (9) “同向疑问尾句”即“肯定+肯定”和“否定+否定”则表示“惊奇”,“气愤”,“不耐烦”等感情色彩。例如:You don’t like my cooking, don’t you?你不喜欢吃我做的菜,是不是? |
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版权所有:中国高校指南
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